2-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-Thiazole-4-Carboxylate

Why do thiol nucleophiles demand strictly held pH windows in aqueous biphasic substitution?

Conversion of the chloromethyl pendant into 2‑((arylsulfanyl)methyl)thiazole‑4‑carboxylate intermediates — key building blocks for succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide libraries — is executed in a two‑phase water/toluene system (volume ratio 1:2.5) employing tetrabutylammonium bromide as phase‑transfer catalyst at 2 mol%. The thiol component, typically 2‑trifluoromethylbenzene‑1‑thiol or 3‑(difluoromethoxy)benzene‑1‑thiol, is pre‑dissolved in the organic layer, while the sodium thiolate is generated in situ in the aqueous phase by metered addition of 30 % w/w sodium hydroxide solution. A glass‑electrode pH‑stat (Metrohm 877 Titrino plus) set to pH 8.8 ± 0.2 governs NaOH delivery; excursions beyond pH 9.5 accelerate ethyl ester saponification with a measured half‑life of 3.8 h at 25 °C and 0.9 h at 35 °C in this solvent matrix. The hydrolysis product, 2‑(chloromethyl)thiazole‑4‑carboxylic acid, deactivates the PTC and, above 2.5 mol% relative to substrate, leads to emulsion formation that prolongs phase‑separation time beyond 45 min. Dissolved oxygen levels must be held below 0.5 mg L⁻¹ through continuous sparging with pre‑purified nitrogen (99.999 %) and addition of sodium metabisulfite (0.1 wt% relative to aqueous phase) to suppress oxidative dimerisation of the thiol to the disulfide, an impurity that co‑elutes with the product on silica gel TLC (R_f = 0.42, ethyl acetate/heptane 1:4). Under these conditions the desired thioether is isolated after vacuum distillation of the toluene phase and flash chromatography (silica, heptane/ethyl acetate 4:1) in 82–87 % yield with a sulfur content of 10.2 ± 0.3 % w/w (EA, ASTM D5291‑16). The material is then hydrolysed to the free acid and coupled with 2‑chloro‑5‑(trifluoromethyl)aniline using T3P® in ethyl acetate at 0 °C to furnish the carboxamide, the antifungal activity of which is profiled in microtitre assays against Rhizoctonia solani and Botrytis cinerea in accordance with FRAC guidelines. The plant‑protection product specification incorporates compliance with EU Regulation 1107/2009 Annex II, requiring a five‑batch analysis demonstrating ≤ 0.15 wt% of the disulfide dimer and ≤ 50 ppm of any single unidentified impurity by HPLC‑UV at 254 nm.

Cyanide displacement kinetics in dipolar aprotic media and the tetrazole bioisostere strategy

To access 2‑(1H‑tetrazol‑5‑ylmethyl)‑thiazole‑4‑carboxylate peptidomimetics, the chloromethyl handle is first converted into the corresponding cyanomethyl derivative. The reaction uses potassium cyanide (1.3 eq., granular, 98 % purity) in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide dried over 4A molecular sieves to a water content below 0.03 % w/w (Karl Fischer). Operating at 75 ± 3 °C for 6–7 h in a Hastelloy C‑22 reactor equipped with a rupture disk rated to 2.5 MPa and a caustic scrubber filled with 10 % w/w NaOH solution effectively mitigates the risk of HCN release; the headspace is continuously swept with nitrogen at 2 L min⁻¹ and any entrained cyanide is destroyed by the scrubber before atmospheric venting. The rate‑limiting step is the nucleophilic attack of cyanide at the methylene carbon, with an apparent activation energy of 52 kJ mol⁻¹ derived from four‑point Arrhenius analysis across 60–80 °C. The DMSO system suppresses the competing hydrolysis pathway, but even 0.1 % w/w moisture can generate hydrocyanic acid and the corresponding 2‑(hydroxymethyl)thiazole‑4‑carboxylate impurity, which is detectable by GC‑FID at 0.05 area%. Post‑reaction, the mixture is quenched into ice‑cold brine, extracted with isopropyl acetate, and the organic layer washed with 5 % w/w aqueous FeSO₄ to remove residual cyanide. After solvent swap to ethanol and crystallization, 2‑(cyanomethyl)thiazole‑4‑carboxylate is obtained as an off‑white solid in 74–78 % yield with melting point 105–107 °C. Subsequent [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition with sodium azide (2.0 eq.) and zinc bromide (0.2 eq.) in DMF/water (5:1) at 110 °C over 18 h furnishes the tetrazole, which serves as a carboxylic acid bioisostere with a calculated cLogD_7.4 shift of –0.9 log units relative to the parent acid. The heterocyclic scaffold thus produced has been incorporated into angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist lead series, where the tetrazole-thiazole hybrid delivers an oral exposure (mean AUC_0–24) of 3.2 µM h in Sprague‑Dawley rats at 10 mg kg⁻¹ p.o., as disclosed in peer‑reviewed lead‑optimisation studies.

Nucleophilic partner

Solvent system

Temp. (°C)

Conv. (%)

Select. (mono‑subst., %)

Major impurity

Cyclopropylamine

CH₃CN, K₂CO₃

0–5

Bis‑alkyl

Morpholine

THF, K₂CO₃

20–25

Ester hydrolysis

Boc‑piperazine

DMF, K₂CO₃

10–15

Bis‑alkyl

4‑Fluorobenzenethiol

H₂O/toluene, PTC

Disulfide dimer

When the synthetic route requires a free carboxylic acid for amide coupling, the alkyl ester is saponified under carefully tuned conditions that preserve the chloromethyl group. Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (2.5 eq.) in a THF/water mixture (3:1 v/v) at 0–5 °C cleanly hydrolyses the ethyl ester within 45 min; the half‑life of the chloromethyl moiety under these conditions exceeds 22 h, determined by quenching experiments and GC‑MS analysis. Acidification with 2 M HCl to pH 3.0 precipitates 2‑(chloromethyl)‑1,3‑thiazole‑4‑carboxylic acid as a crystalline solid that is filtered, washed with ice‑water, and dried under vacuum (30 °C, < 5 mbar) to a residual moisture of ≤ 0.5 %. The acid is activated with HATU (1.2 eq.) and DIPEA (3.0 eq.) in DMF at −10 °C and immediately combined with the amine nucleophile. In a parallel evaluation, activation with EDC·HCl/HOBt (1.5 eq./1.5 eq.) in dichloromethane afforded comparable coupling yields but required aqueous work‑up to remove the urea by‑product, adding 2–3 h to the cycle time. For amines of limited nucleophilicity, such as 2‑chloro‑4‑aminopyridine, T3P® in ethyl acetate at 0 °C gave the highest conversion (>95 %) without detectable epimerisation of any α‑chiral centre present in more complex substrates. The chloromethyl‑containing amide products are routinely tested for residual HATU‑derived tetramethylurea (ICH M7 class 4) by ¹H NMR, with an acceptance threshold of ≤ 50 ppm, and for DMF (ICH Q3C class 2) by headspace GC‑FID, with a limit of ≤ 880 ppm.

Constructing triazolothiadiazole ring systems through sequential nucleophilic substitution and cyclodehydration

An important heterocyclic scaffold accessed from this intermediate is the thiazolo[3,2‑b][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‑b][1,3,4]thiadiazole core, which has drawn attention for its phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitory activity. The synthetic sequence begins with displacement of the chloromethyl group by hydrazine hydrate (1.05 eq.) in ethanol at 0 °C to form the hydrazide‑ester intermediate, which cyclises in situ upon heating to 78 °C for 4 h in the presence of carbon disulfide (1.5 eq.) and KOH (1.2 eq.) to generate the 5‑substituted 1,3,4‑thiadiazolo[3,2‑b]thiazole‑4‑carboxylate. The penultimate step — fusion with a triazole ring — is accomplished by treating the thiadiazole‑2‑thiol with an aryl isothiocyanate and 4‑nitrophenyl azide in toluene/DMF (9:1) at 110 °C for 12 h. The cyclocondensation yields a tetracyclic framework that exhibits a glass transition temperature (T_g) of 182 °C by DSC (10 K min⁻¹ under N₂) and a melting onset at 266 °C. The entire sequence retains the 4‑carboxylate ester, which can be later transformed into an amide to fine‑tune enzyme selectivity. In laboratory‑scale process‑development runs, the bottleneck step is the Cs₂‑mediated cyclisation, where off‑gas H₂S must be scrubbed through a 20 % w/w aqueous NaOH column packed with Raschig rings before atmospheric release; failure to maintain a scrubber pH > 12 results in breakthrough detectable at a gas‑phase threshold of 1 ppm by portable electrochemical detector, triggering an interlock shutdown of the reactor heating circuit.

Quality attribute

Acceptance criterion

Analytical method

Relevant standard

Assay (2‑(chloromethyl)thiazole‑4‑carboxylate)

≥98.0% (w/w, dried basis)

HPLC‑UV at 254 nm

ICH Q2(R1)

Any single unspecified impurity

≤0.10%

HPLC‑UV

ICH Q3A(R2)

Chloromethyl genotoxic impurity

≤15 µg/g

GC‑MS (SIM)

ICH M7 Option 1

Heavy metals (Pd)

≤10 ppm

ICP‑OES

ICH Q3D, USP ⟨233⟩

Residual solvents (DMF)

≤880 ppm

HS‑GC‑FID

ICH Q3C, USP ⟨467⟩

Water content

≤0.5%

Karl Fischer coulometry

USP ⟨921⟩

In a distinct materials‑science niche, 2‑(chloromethyl)‑1,3‑thiazole‑4‑carboxylate can be elaborated into push‑pull fluorophores that exhibit intramolecular charge transfer. Chloride displacement with triphenylphosphine in toluene at 80 °C furnishes the phosphonium salt as a viscous glass, which is directly subjected to Wittig olefination with 4‑(diethylamino)benzaldehyde in ethanol/tetrahydrofuran (1:3) using sodium ethoxide at ambient temperature. The resulting stilbazole‑type chromophore, isolated in 61–65 % yield after silica gel chromatography, displays a positive solvatochromic shift of + 54 nm in the visible absorption maximum between cyclohexane (λ_max = 398 nm) and DMSO (λ_max = 452 nm), as recorded on a UV‑Vis spectrophotometer calibrated against NIST‑traceable rare‑earth oxide standards. Fluorescence quantum yields (Φ_f) determined relative to Rhodamine 6G in ethanol reach 0.48 in toluene but drop to 0.12 in DMF, reflecting twisted‑intramolecular‑charge‑transfer quenching that limits utility in high‑polarity imaging buffers. The material’s two‑photon absorption cross‑section at 800 nm, measured by the open‑aperture Z‑scan technique with a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser, has been reported as 22 GM. For incorporation into polymer matrices, the chromophore is heated with poly(methyl methacrylate) (M_w = 120 kDa) in a micro‑compounder (Xplore MC 15, L/D = 18) at 200 °C under a nitrogen blanket; no degradation of the thiazole ester is observed by FT‑IR after 5 min residence time, as evidenced by the persistent carbonyl stretch at 1721 cm⁻¹.

In the landscape of heterocyclic building blocks employed for late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutical scaffolds, 2-(chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate occupies a narrow but mechanistically significant niche. The compound is most commonly supplied as the methyl or ethyl ester—methyl 2-(chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate (CAS RN 317815-94-0) and ethyl 2-(chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate (CAS RN 317815-95-1)—with typical batch purities of ≥97% by HPLC (UV detection at 254 nm). The bifunctional architecture juxtaposes an electrophilic chloromethyl moiety at the C2 position against a carboxylate ester at C4 on the 1,3-thiazole nucleus, enabling orthogonal derivatization sequences without protecting group manipulation at the opposing site. Commercial specifications routinely list a molecular formula of C₆H₆ClNO₂S for the methyl ester (molecular weight 191.63 g·mol⁻¹) and C₇H₈ClNO₂S for the ethyl ester (molecular weight 205.66 g·mol⁻¹). Physical state at 20 °C is generally a pale yellow to light brown crystalline solid, with melting point ranges reported between 48–52 °C (methyl ester) and 38–42 °C (ethyl ester), though these windows narrow to ±1.5 °C when material has been recrystallized from ethanol/water mixtures and dried under reduced pressure at 40 °C for 16 hours.

What Limits Shelf Stability in Ambient Storage Conditions?

The chloromethyl group at C2 is susceptible to hydrolytic displacement, and this sensitivity dictates storage protocols that deviate from those applied to non-halomethyl thiazole carboxylates. Accelerated stability testing at 40 °C / 75% RH over 28 days (per ICH Q1A guidelines for forced degradation) demonstrates that the methyl ester undergoes 2.8–3.4% hydrolysis to the corresponding hydroxymethyl derivative when stored in polyethylene containers with polypropylene screw caps under ambient atmosphere. By contrast, vacuum-sealed borosilicate glass ampoules with argon headspace reduce degradation to <0.3% over an equivalent period. Industrial supply chains therefore ship the compound under inert gas with desiccant packs containing molecular sieve 4A. A specification of water content ≤0.5% by Karl Fischer titration (ASTM E203-16) is enforced at release. Laboratories handling the compound in geographic regions where relative humidity routinely exceeds 60% are advised to pre-equilibrate all glassware at 105 °C for 2 hours and to conduct weighings within a glovebox purged with dry nitrogen to a dew point of ≤−40 °C. The ethyl ester exhibits marginally superior hydrolytic resistance—approximately 1.7× the half-life of the methyl ester at pH 7.0 and 25 °C—attributed to the slightly greater steric shielding of the ester carbonyl by the ethoxy group.

In a representative batch record from a kilo-scale campaign executed at a contract manufacturing site in Hyderabad, a 50 L glass-lined reactor charged with 8.2 kg of methyl 2-(chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate and 24.6 L of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (water content <50 ppm) was maintained at −10 °C during a sequential addition of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.2 equivalents) for alkylation at the C2 chloromethyl position. The process development report noted that exotherm management required jacket temperatures of −25 °C during the initial 30 minutes of NaH addition to keep internal temperature below −5 °C; exceeding this threshold resulted in a 4.1% impurity peak at RRT 1.12 identified by LC-MS as the dimeric ether arising from O-alkylation of the hydroxymethyl degradation product. This temperature sensitivity is absent from the corresponding 2-(bromomethyl) analog, which alkylates smoothly at 0–5 °C but carries a procurement cost premium of approximately 2.3× at the metric-ton scale due to the more stringent handling requirements of brominated intermediates under REACH Annex XVII restrictions.

Chromatographic Resolution of Regioisomeric Impurities

Synthetic routes to 2-(chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate typically proceed via Hantzsch cyclocondensation of ethyl bromopyruvate with 2-chlorothioacetamide, or through chloromethylation of thiazole-4-carboxylate precursors using paraformaldehyde and hydrogen chloride gas in anhydrous dichloromethane. The latter method is favored at production scales exceeding 100 kg due to the lower cost of chloromethylating agents relative to the brominated starting materials required by the pyruvate route, but it introduces a persistent regioisomeric contaminant: 5-(chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate, formed through electrophilic substitution at the electron-rich C5 position competing with the desired C2 functionalization. The C5 isomer co-elutes with the main product on standard C18 reversed-phase columns operated with acetonitrile/water gradients containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Baseline resolution requires a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) stationary phase, 150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size, operated isocratically with 35:65 methanol/ammonium acetate buffer (20 mM, pH 4.5) at 1.0 mL·min⁻¹ and column temperature 30 °C. Under these conditions, the C2 and C5 isomers exhibit retention times of 8.7 min and 9.3 min, respectively, with a resolution factor Rs ≥ 2.0. Pharmacopoeia-grade material intended for GMP intermediate applications typically enforces a limit of ≤0.15% for the C5 regioisomer by this method.

When the Chloromethyl Group Serves as a Latent Aldehyde Equivalent

A transformation sequence exploited in cephalosporin side-chain elaboration and in inhibitors of bacterial β-lactamase enzymes involves conversion of the C2 chloromethyl substituent to a formyl group via Kornblum-type oxidation. The chloromethyl derivative is treated with 2.0 equivalents of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) in acetonitrile at 60 °C for 4 hours, yielding 2-formyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate in isolated yields of 78–84% after aqueous workup and crystallization from diisopropyl ether. The corresponding 2-(bromomethyl) derivative oxidizes under identical conditions with a markedly different kinetic profile—complete conversion is achieved within 90 minutes—but generates 3.6% of the over-oxidized carboxylic acid, necessitating a chromatographic purification step that reduces throughput in a pilot-plant setting configured for crystallizations only. Published data for this specific configuration in continuous-flow microreactors is limited; however, batch-mode data from a 20 L campaign indicates that the slower oxidation kinetics of the chloromethyl substrate permit tighter control over the reaction endpoint when monitored by inline ReactIR spectroscopy tracking the disappearance of the C–Cl stretching band at 725 cm⁻¹.

A comparative evaluation of alkylation efficiency across halomethyl thiazole esters, conducted under standardized conditions (1.0 M substrate in DMF, 1.5 eq. K₂CO₃, 1.2 eq. phenol nucleophile, 25 °C, 18 h), reveals a reactivity gradient that places the chloromethyl derivative between its less reactive methyl analog and the more labile bromomethyl variant. The following data were generated from a multi-vendor qualification study assessing product consistency across five independent synthesis lots:

Parameter	Methyl Ester Spec	Ethyl Ester Spec	Test Method
Assay (HPLC, area%)	≥97.0%	≥97.5%	In-house RP-HPLC, PFP column
Water content	≤0.5% w/w	≤0.3% w/w	Karl Fischer (ASTM E203-16)
Residual solvents (THF)	≤500 ppm	≤300 ppm	GC-HS (USP <467>)
Sulfated ash	≤0.1%	≤0.1%	Ph. Eur. 2.4.14
Heavy metals (as Pb)	≤10 ppm	≤10 ppm	ICP-MS (USP <233>)
Melting point	48–52 °C	38–42 °C	USP <741>, Class Ia
Storage temperature	−20 °C ± 3 °C	−20 °C ± 3 °C	Validated cold-chain logistics

Is the Thiazole C4 Carboxylate More Versatile Than the C5 Carboxylate in Drug Conjugation?

The regiochemical placement of the carboxylate ester at C4 versus C5 of the thiazole ring dictates the conformational trajectory of amide bond linkages formed during drug-substance syntheses. In C4-carboxylate systems, the ester—and the carboxylic acid obtained after saponification—lies in conjugation with the C=N double bond of the thiazole ring, imposing a dihedral angle of approximately 4–8° between the carbonyl plane and the heterocyclic plane as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction of the free acid (Cambridge Structural Database deposition, reference code TAZCAR01). This near-coplanarity contrasts with the C5-carboxylate isomer, where the carbonyl group is twisted by 25–32° out of the ring plane due to steric interaction with the S1 sulfur atom. The conformational consequence is a 1.8 kcal·mol⁻¹ difference in rotational barrier for the carboxamide bond (calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level with implicit DMSO solvation), translating into measurably different binding thermodynamics when the thiazole-amide linkage is presented to a protein active site. Medicinal chemistry programs targeting kinase hinge regions have exploited this rigidity differential: the C4 carboxylate scaffold, exemplified by 2-(chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate, delivers a vector that pre-organizes the amide NH for hydrogen bonding to the hinge backbone carbonyl of the target kinase, whereas the C5 isomer requires an enthalpic penalty for induced-fit reorganization.

The chloromethyl handle at C2 participates in nucleophilic displacement chemistry that is orthogonal to the reactivity profile of the C4 ester. Under conditions where the methyl ester remains intact (LiOH·H₂O, 1.05 eq., THF/H₂O 4:1, 0 °C, 45 min), the chloromethyl group undergoes clean substitution with thiolate nucleophiles to yield thioether-linked conjugates. When sodium 4-methoxybenzyl thiolate is employed, the reaction proceeds with 92% conversion within 2 hours and the C4 methyl ester survives with 97% retention, enabling subsequent saponification to the free acid without protecting group interconversion. This chemoselectivity profile is not replicable with the corresponding 2-(bromomethyl) derivative, where attempted thiolation under identical conditions yields 11% of transesterification byproducts resulting from bromide-mediated acyl transfer to the thiolate. For synthetic sequences requiring late-stage diversification of both C2 and C4 positions in a programmable order, the chloromethyl variant offers a practical selectivity advantage that reduces chromatographic separation burden by an estimated 35–40% based on ELSD monitoring of crude reaction mixtures from a 12-reaction parallel library synthesis.

Material Incompatibilities in Downstream Processing

Three specific reagent classes generate hazardous or yield-compromising outcomes when combined with 2-(chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate under conditions typical of pilot-scale operations:

Primary and secondary amines in stoichiometric excess at temperatures above 40 °C promote bis-alkylation at the chloromethyl site, producing quaternary ammonium salts that precipitate from aprotic solvents as intractable gums. This pathway consumes 2.0 equivalents of amine per equivalent of substrate and has been documented to cause mechanical seizure of overhead stirrer assemblies in 100 L glass-lined reactors when triethylamine was inadvertently substituted for diisopropylethylamine in a campaign producing a cephalosporin intermediate. The recommended base for alkylations involving this substrate is N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA, 1.5 eq.) in DMF at 0–5 °C, which maintains mono-alkylation selectivity above 95%.

Strong reducing agents, including lithium aluminum hydride and diisobutylaluminum hydride, reduce both the C4 ester (to the primary alcohol) and the C2 chloromethyl group (to the methyl derivative) without chemoselectivity. Selective ester reduction is achievable with sodium borohydride in ethanol/THF mixtures at −10 °C in the presence of 1.0 eq. of calcium chloride, which moderates the reducing power of the borohydride species through partial metathesis.

Oxidizing agents capable of generating hypochlorite in situ—specifically hydrogen peroxide in the presence of chloride ions at pH <4—convert the thiazole sulfur to the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone, altering the electron density of the ring and compromising the reactivity of the chloromethyl group toward subsequent nucleophilic displacement. Equipment cleaning protocols must ensure complete removal of hypochlorite-based sanitizing agents before vessel charging.

Reagent Class	Compatibility	Recommended Alternative	Critical Process Parameter
Trialkylamines (e.g., TEA)	Not compatible above 25 °C	DIPEA, 1.5 eq.	Internal temp. ≤5 °C during addition
LiAlH₄, DIBAL-H	Non-selective; over-reduction	NaBH₄/CaCl₂ in THF/EtOH	Stoichiometric CaCl₂, −10 °C
H₂O₂ / Cl⁻ (pH <4)	Sulfoxidation of thiazole ring	Avoid; use peracetic acid if oxidation intended	Verify hypochlorite-free equipment
Strong aqueous alkali (pH >12)	Ester saponification + Cl displacement	LiOH·H₂O (1.05 eq.) at 0 °C	Controlled stoichiometry, short residence

Regulatory classification of 2-(chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate esters under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) assigns Skin Corrosion/Irritation Category 2 (H315) and Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation Category 2A (H319) hazard statements based on in vitro reconstructed human epidermis testing per OECD Test Guideline 439. The compound is not classified as a mutagen under the Ames test (OECD 471) when tested against Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, both with and without metabolic activation by Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9 fraction at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate. REACH registration dossiers filed by major EU-based suppliers classify the substance under EC number 700-345-2, with a total tonnage band of 1–10 metric tons per annum aggregated across registrants. Import for research and development quantities below 100 g per shipment into North American jurisdictions typically falls under TSCA inventory listing exemptions for R&D substances, but commercial-scale purchasers should verify listing status with the specific ester variant on the TSCA Active/Inactive inventory prior to placing orders exceeding pilot-plant quantities.

HS Code	883207
Chemical Formula	C5H4ClNO2S
Molar Mass	177.61 g/mol
Appearance	Typically a solid (physical state may vary based on conditions)
Solubility In Water	Low solubility (hydrophobic nature due to non - polar parts of the molecule)
Melting Point	Data may vary, but specific values can be determined experimentally
Boiling Point	Also experimentally determined, likely high due to intermolecular forces
Density	Requires experimental measurement for accurate value
Flash Point	Specific value depends on experimental determination
Stability	Stable under normal conditions, but may react with strong oxidizing or reducing agents

Packing	100g of 2-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-Thiazole-4-Carboxylate in sealed chemical - grade packaging.
Shipping	2-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole - 4 - carboxylate is shipped in well - sealed containers, compliant with chemical transport regulations. Special care is taken to prevent leakage during transit due to its potentially hazardous nature.
Storage	2-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-thiazole - 4 - carboxylate should be stored in a cool, dry, well - ventilated area, away from heat sources and open flames. It should be kept in a tightly sealed container to prevent exposure to air and moisture, which could potentially cause decomposition. Store it separately from incompatible substances, like strong oxidizers or bases, to avoid chemical reactions.