7,8-Dihydroxy-2-Phenazine Sulfonic Acid stands as a synthetic organic compound, part of the phenazine derivatives. This substance features a phenazine core substituted with two hydroxyl groups at positions 7 and 8, plus a sulfonic acid group at position 2. Such a specific arrangement brings both hydrophilic and hydrophobic aspects together, balancing solubility and reactivity in a way that shapes its behavior both in laboratory and industrial settings. Many in chemical development or research first encounter this material either as a reagent in dye chemistry or as a component in specialty formulations, given those unique structural features.
The molecular formula of 7,8-Dihydroxy-2-Phenazine Sulfonic Acid is C12H8N2O5S. The molecule incorporates two nitrogen atoms within the phenazine backbone, along with sulfonic and hydroxy groups that further expand its chemical versatility. Structurally, this compound reveals an aromatic framework, responsible for its stability and electron delocalization, especially important in redox-sensitive applications. The orientation of these substituents also drives its function in electronic transfers, offering roles well beyond traditional dye manufacturing by branching into biochemical assays or material sciences.
7,8-Dihydroxy-2-Phenazine Sulfonic Acid can appear as a deep-colored solid, usually ranging in form from a fine powder to crystalline flakes and sometimes even granules or pearls, depending on processing conditions. Its color, often a notable dark hue, gives a visual representation of its extended conjugated system. Density usually falls near 1.7 g/cm³, typical for substituted phenazines, although careful storage and pulverization affect bulk density during handling. Its melting point is moderately high, enabling ease in purification via recrystallization rather than distillation. Water solubility comes primarily from the sulfonic acid group, allowing for dissolution into aqueous media to produce clear or slightly tinted solutions, useful for further analytical work or sample preparation. In organic solvents, solubility remains limited, except for highly polar options like dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide, which scientists employ for more specialized synthesis or reactions.
As a molecule combining both hydroxy and sulfonic functionalities, 7,8-Dihydroxy-2-Phenazine Sulfonic Acid shows both reducing and acidic qualities. The hydroxy groups support redox chemistry, participating in electron transfer events fundamental to many redox dyes. The sulfonic acid moiety gives the molecule strong acidity, measured by low pKa values, and provides easy salt formation with various cations, such as sodium or potassium. In practice, chemical reactivity pivots on position-specific substitution: for instance, alkaline treatment can cause deprotonation of the hydroxy groups, while strong acid treatment maintains the material as a sulfonic acid. Thermal stability, because of its aromatic core, meets expectations for robust handling during laboratory synthesis, but the compound does not resist oxidation in harsh environments.
Production and supply of 7,8-Dihydroxy-2-Phenazine Sulfonic Acid occur in several physical forms to fit different handling needs. Fine crystalline powder remains the most frequent type, given ease of weighing, mixing, and accurate dosing. Flakes serve better in scenarios where dust minimization matters or where fast dissolution is needed. Pearl and granular versions arrive from further granulation steps, best for automated batch processing. In rare instances, the compound is made available as a concentrated aqueous solution, favored in settings where precise dosing, minimal exposure, and rapid mixing traverse safety and productivity. Solid blocks or pressed tablets occasionally support specialty inquiries, especially in bulk technical applications. Whichever form, controls on purity ensure consistent results; specifications often include purity by HPLC or titration exceeding 98%, residual moisture content below 2%, and standardized assay procedures. Buyers request detailed product data sheets for verification and regulatory compliance.
Beyond just composition, careful attention falls on molecular weight, usually stated as approximately 308.27 g/mol for this compound. The aromatic core brings rigidity and planarity, making this structure attractive in supramolecular chemistry where stacking and charge transfer matter. Such a material, when in crystal form, tends to exhibit unmistakable sharp-edged facets, while powder or flake forms still retain some shine from crystalline reflections under a microscope. Users should be aware that prolonged grinding affects surface area, influencing both solubility and reaction rates in subsequent uses. Critical batch-to-batch uniformity depends on strict control of synthetic procedures and purification techniques.
This compound, as a specialty organic chemical, carries an HS Code that generally falls within the category for aromatic sulfonic acids and their derivatives. Most often, customs classify it under HS 2921.42, which covers phenazine and its derivatives, including sulfonated versions. International shippers need to check with current regulatory frameworks, as authorities such as REACH or the US Environmental Protection Agency may request supplementary documentation pertaining to purity, intended use, and safe handling. Detailed labeling and material safety data sheets, often required for cross-border transport, must include exact nomenclature, molecular formula, hazard categories, and any marks related to chemical hazard classification.
Anyone working with 7,8-Dihydroxy-2-Phenazine Sulfonic Acid should pay close attention to chemical safety. As a sulfonic acid derivative, the material can cause local irritation to skin, mucous membranes, and the respiratory tract when dust or solutions are inhaled or come into direct contact. Protective gloves, safety goggles, and lab coats should be standard practice for anyone weighing, transferring, or dissolving this compound. Accidental ingestion poses known hazards, requiring immediate medical attention and thorough washing of exposed areas. While not broadly classified as highly acutely toxic, chronic or repeated exposure in poorly ventilated settings can lead to cumulative effects. Waste handling calls for neutralization and disposal according to local environmental regulations. Laboratories and factories alike should provide ready access to safety showers, eye-wash stations, and updated MSDS documents to reduce risk. Fire hazard remains low, but heating the sample beyond its decomposition temperature produces hazardous fumes, so forced ventilation is key.
Manufacturing 7,8-Dihydroxy-2-Phenazine Sulfonic Acid often begins with phenazine derivatives, followed by directed hydroxylation and sulfonation reactions. Controlled reaction conditions—temperature, solvent choice, and catalyst selection—all impact final yield and purity. Large-scale producers invest in closed-system reactors to manage both heat and emissions, ensuring both safety and efficiency. Raw material sourcing must assure traceability and minimal contamination, crucial for specialty chemicals. Manufacturers monitor quality through rigorous purity analysis, spectral testing (such as NMR, IR), and batch comparison to prior lots, making sure each shipment meets rigid industrial and laboratory criteria. Downstream uses, such as raw material for chromogenic agents, pigments, or as intermediates in pharmaceuticals, benefit directly from attention to these manufacturing details.
Use cases for 7,8-Dihydroxy-2-Phenazine Sulfonic Acid span analytical, synthetic, and finishing industries. Its ability to participate in electron transfer makes it valuable as a redox dye or indicator in clinical chemistry and biotechnology. Specialty pigment producers draw on its color properties and chemical stability to develop stains or colorants for fibers, plastics, and coatings. Research institutions leverage its functional groups as handles for further molecular modification, building more complex materials or studying redox processes. Supply chain players and regulatory teams emphasize the importance of clear labeling and logistics tracking, aiming to support responsible sourcing as demand grows for specialty chemicals with high purity and defined performance. The path forward includes ongoing research into new uses and safer production processes, seeking to balance performance with environmental stewardship in the specialty raw material marketplace.
