Pharmaceutical chemistry never feels finished. Twenty years ago, 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine started turning up in medicinal labs, often as an intermediate when chemists worked up new antihistamines and antipsychotics. Sandoz and a few other big names patented derivatives back in the late 1980s, just as combinatorial libraries exploded in popularity. Today, the compound still appears in patents tied to central nervous system drugs. This lineage means its structure is well understood among chemists working with new bioactive scaffolds, and its use as a research tool keeps growing as chemical biology moves ahead.
2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine comes in crystalline powder, usually off-white or very pale yellow. Researchers buy it by the gram for lab synthesis or bulk for pilot-scale processes. Reliable suppliers focus hard on purity because small changes in structure can throw off activity in sensitive biological screening. Most sources deliver the material at >98% purity with careful analysis, so labs avoid surprises during development. Chemists value it for the balance between chemical reactivity and stability, and it works well in a range of solvents, which speeds up new reaction discovery.
Look at the molecular structure and one detail jumps out: the electron-rich piperazine ring hooks up to a pyrimidine backbone. This connection handles a lot of functionalization. Melting points run from 120°C up to about 125°C, so storage stays straightforward. At room temperature it holds up well, with low hygroscopicity, which matters for global shipping and long-term inventory. Some analogs run into air or light sensitivity, but with this base compound, issues rarely crop up. Solubility in DMSO and DMF makes it a staple for chemical screens. Hydrogen bonding on the piperazinyl side makes it handle salt formation for newer pharmaceutical testing.
Plain labeling hasn’t changed much: the chemical formula is C8H13N5, molecular weight not far off 179.2 g/mol. Analytical details come standard – HPLC purity, NMR conformations, MS fragmentation. Reputable suppliers track heavy metals and residual solvents as new regulations take hold, especially for drug development. Label requirements now push for risk phrases, GHS hazards, and sometimes QR codes leading straight to safety data, reflecting changes in both safety-management thinking and digital logistics. Many chemists care about lot-to-lot certification to keep experiments repeatable, and this is one of the main requests, especially for labs doing structure-activity research.
The dominant synthesis route uses a nucleophilic substitution, with a 2-chloropyrimidine and piperazine, under reflux, sometimes with catalytic base. Yields push 75-85% if kept dry and carefully monitored. Some newer approaches use microwave-assisted setups, cutting time from hours to under half an hour, following the trend of greener chemistry. Scale-up labs sometimes use solid-phase approaches or tweak temperature and pressure to boost output with less solvent waste. None of these reactions feel especially exotic for a mid-stage organic synthesis group, but reproducibility stays critical once production shifts toward clinical or industrial runs.
The piperazine ring acts as a reliable nucleophile in further alkylations and acylations. Medicinal chemists often tweak the pyrimidine core to change electronic distribution or block off unwanted metabolism. This flexibility lets the compound morph into all sorts of kinase inhibitors, enzyme ligands, or dye labels. Bromination, N-alkylation, and reductive amination crop up in hundreds of research citations, proof of how the molecule anchors itself for extension. Some R&D programs push the compound through Suzuki couplings or aromatic substitutions to broaden activity profiles, taking cues from modern fragment-based drug discovery.
Besides its systematic IUPAC name, this compound turns up as PyPIP, N1-pyrimidinylpiperazine, or 2-Pyrimidinylpiperazine, and, less often, as 1-(2-Pyrimidinyl)piperazine in libraries. Many catalogs include CAS Number 39562-70-4. This varied naming matters less to industrial buyers, but for anyone searching literature or patents, covering synonyms gets the full picture.
Working with 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine means dust control, protective eyewear, and glove use. The compound rates as a low-to-moderate hazard for acute exposure – think eye irritation, mild respiratory effects, and possible skin sensitization on repeated contact. Some datasets show no major carcinogenic risk, but animal studies stay sparse, so most chemists stay careful. Spill protocols line up with routine organic reagents: scoop, ventilate, wipe down, and dispose under hazardous organic waste rules. Regulatory bodies in Europe and North America now expect a REACH registration for imports above kilogram levels, and companies producing for regulated markets must show chain-of-custody plus validated hazard communication.
Drug discovery sits at the core of this compound’s use. Medicinal chemists build out from the piperazine-pyrimidine framework to chase everything from serotonin antagonists to kinase modulators. Some antipsychotic drugs, including ziprasidone and perospirone, trace their roots back to this motif. Beyond pharma, the compound sits in advanced material science, where the dual nitrogen-rich rings interact with transition metals or support supramolecular assemblies. Some diagnostics companies have explored labeled analogs in PET tracers, due to the selective receptor targeting potential. A few agricultural labs worked with analogs as growth regulators, drawing on the heterocycle’s biological compatibility.
Research continually returns to piperazine-pyrimidine scaffolds because of the ready structural access and the tight binding profiles in protein-ligand assays. Fragment-based screening uses this compound to probe new druggable sites. Academic groups publish on the customization potential, including bioisosteric swaps, green reactions, and new solvent schemes. Most findings converge: 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine offers a practical anchor for wide-ranging modifications. Funding for antibiotic resistance and CNS disorders points to more need for selective, fast-tunable cores, and this scaffold meets that challenge.
Toxicity data does not yet reach the extensive databases seen for over-the-counter drugs, but several in vitro studies report low acute toxicity in mammalian cell lines. Some mouse dose studies signal caution at levels well above expected workplace exposure. Inhaled dust or repeated skin contact still prompts use of PPE because, as with any heterocyclic amines, unknown metabolites can arise under bioactivation conditions. Researchers in drug development test analogs with more potent side chains, since the base compound alone rarely triggers serious toxicity but modifications can change everything. Data transparency keeps improving as journals ask for more rigorous assays; this shift pushes companies to keep up with evolving standards and deeper safety research.
Interest stays strong in this compound’s ability to support targeted design in CNS disease, oncology, and advanced material science. Cheaper and greener prep routes will move ahead as labs adopt continuous-flow and biocatalytic options. Information-sharing platforms, including open-access digital libraries, mean more research teams will tap the scaffold’s flexibility for screening and library generation. Regulation will tighten as the molecule appears in larger-scale batches, and safety personalization—tied to worker exposure and process modifications—will grow in focus. Big jumps may come from coupling this scaffold with AI-driven screening to lock in candidates more likely to clear regulatory hurdles quickly. At the practical bench level, 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine stands out for adaptability, reliability, and a straightforward risk profile, earning its place as a mainstay across chemistry-driven sectors.
