Pharmaceutical chemistry never feels finished. Twenty years ago, 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine started turning up in medicinal labs, often as an intermediate when chemists worked up new antihistamines and antipsychotics. Sandoz and a few other big names patented derivatives back in the late 1980s, just as combinatorial libraries exploded in popularity. Today, the compound still appears in patents tied to central nervous system drugs. This lineage means its structure is well understood among chemists working with new bioactive scaffolds, and its use as a research tool keeps growing as chemical biology moves ahead.
2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine comes in crystalline powder, usually off-white or very pale yellow. Researchers buy it by the gram for lab synthesis or bulk for pilot-scale processes. Reliable suppliers focus hard on purity because small changes in structure can throw off activity in sensitive biological screening. Most sources deliver the material at >98% purity with careful analysis, so labs avoid surprises during development. Chemists value it for the balance between chemical reactivity and stability, and it works well in a range of solvents, which speeds up new reaction discovery.
Look at the molecular structure and one detail jumps out: the electron-rich piperazine ring hooks up to a pyrimidine backbone. This connection handles a lot of functionalization. Melting points run from 120°C up to about 125°C, so storage stays straightforward. At room temperature it holds up well, with low hygroscopicity, which matters for global shipping and long-term inventory. Some analogs run into air or light sensitivity, but with this base compound, issues rarely crop up. Solubility in DMSO and DMF makes it a staple for chemical screens. Hydrogen bonding on the piperazinyl side makes it handle salt formation for newer pharmaceutical testing.
Plain labeling hasn’t changed much: the chemical formula is C8H13N5, molecular weight not far off 179.2 g/mol. Analytical details come standard – HPLC purity, NMR conformations, MS fragmentation. Reputable suppliers track heavy metals and residual solvents as new regulations take hold, especially for drug development. Label requirements now push for risk phrases, GHS hazards, and sometimes QR codes leading straight to safety data, reflecting changes in both safety-management thinking and digital logistics. Many chemists care about lot-to-lot certification to keep experiments repeatable, and this is one of the main requests, especially for labs doing structure-activity research.
The dominant synthesis route uses a nucleophilic substitution, with a 2-chloropyrimidine and piperazine, under reflux, sometimes with catalytic base. Yields push 75-85% if kept dry and carefully monitored. Some newer approaches use microwave-assisted setups, cutting time from hours to under half an hour, following the trend of greener chemistry. Scale-up labs sometimes use solid-phase approaches or tweak temperature and pressure to boost output with less solvent waste. None of these reactions feel especially exotic for a mid-stage organic synthesis group, but reproducibility stays critical once production shifts toward clinical or industrial runs.
The piperazine ring acts as a reliable nucleophile in further alkylations and acylations. Medicinal chemists often tweak the pyrimidine core to change electronic distribution or block off unwanted metabolism. This flexibility lets the compound morph into all sorts of kinase inhibitors, enzyme ligands, or dye labels. Bromination, N-alkylation, and reductive amination crop up in hundreds of research citations, proof of how the molecule anchors itself for extension. Some R&D programs push the compound through Suzuki couplings or aromatic substitutions to broaden activity profiles, taking cues from modern fragment-based drug discovery.
Besides its systematic IUPAC name, this compound turns up as PyPIP, N1-pyrimidinylpiperazine, or 2-Pyrimidinylpiperazine, and, less often, as 1-(2-Pyrimidinyl)piperazine in libraries. Many catalogs include CAS Number 39562-70-4. This varied naming matters less to industrial buyers, but for anyone searching literature or patents, covering synonyms gets the full picture.
Working with 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine means dust control, protective eyewear, and glove use. The compound rates as a low-to-moderate hazard for acute exposure – think eye irritation, mild respiratory effects, and possible skin sensitization on repeated contact. Some datasets show no major carcinogenic risk, but animal studies stay sparse, so most chemists stay careful. Spill protocols line up with routine organic reagents: scoop, ventilate, wipe down, and dispose under hazardous organic waste rules. Regulatory bodies in Europe and North America now expect a REACH registration for imports above kilogram levels, and companies producing for regulated markets must show chain-of-custody plus validated hazard communication.
Drug discovery sits at the core of this compound’s use. Medicinal chemists build out from the piperazine-pyrimidine framework to chase everything from serotonin antagonists to kinase modulators. Some antipsychotic drugs, including ziprasidone and perospirone, trace their roots back to this motif. Beyond pharma, the compound sits in advanced material science, where the dual nitrogen-rich rings interact with transition metals or support supramolecular assemblies. Some diagnostics companies have explored labeled analogs in PET tracers, due to the selective receptor targeting potential. A few agricultural labs worked with analogs as growth regulators, drawing on the heterocycle’s biological compatibility.
Research continually returns to piperazine-pyrimidine scaffolds because of the ready structural access and the tight binding profiles in protein-ligand assays. Fragment-based screening uses this compound to probe new druggable sites. Academic groups publish on the customization potential, including bioisosteric swaps, green reactions, and new solvent schemes. Most findings converge: 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine offers a practical anchor for wide-ranging modifications. Funding for antibiotic resistance and CNS disorders points to more need for selective, fast-tunable cores, and this scaffold meets that challenge.
Toxicity data does not yet reach the extensive databases seen for over-the-counter drugs, but several in vitro studies report low acute toxicity in mammalian cell lines. Some mouse dose studies signal caution at levels well above expected workplace exposure. Inhaled dust or repeated skin contact still prompts use of PPE because, as with any heterocyclic amines, unknown metabolites can arise under bioactivation conditions. Researchers in drug development test analogs with more potent side chains, since the base compound alone rarely triggers serious toxicity but modifications can change everything. Data transparency keeps improving as journals ask for more rigorous assays; this shift pushes companies to keep up with evolving standards and deeper safety research.
Interest stays strong in this compound’s ability to support targeted design in CNS disease, oncology, and advanced material science. Cheaper and greener prep routes will move ahead as labs adopt continuous-flow and biocatalytic options. Information-sharing platforms, including open-access digital libraries, mean more research teams will tap the scaffold’s flexibility for screening and library generation. Regulation will tighten as the molecule appears in larger-scale batches, and safety personalization—tied to worker exposure and process modifications—will grow in focus. Big jumps may come from coupling this scaffold with AI-driven screening to lock in candidates more likely to clear regulatory hurdles quickly. At the practical bench level, 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine stands out for adaptability, reliability, and a straightforward risk profile, earning its place as a mainstay across chemistry-driven sectors.
2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine might not roll off the tongue, but folks in medicinal chemistry know its value. This compound shows up in labs and research pipelines across the globe, mostly thanks to its unique structure and the doors it opens for developing new drug candidates.
Medicinal chemistry thrives on modular pieces—simple structures that form the backbone of complex drugs. 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine stands out because it links two important fragments: the piperazine ring and the pyrimidine core. The piperazine ring helps chemists tune how a molecule acts in the body, while the pyrimidine section brings its own set of biological tricks. Together, they provide a reliable starting point for new medicines.
The pharmaceutical industry leans on this compound when hunting for better cancer treatments, antiviral drugs, and even psychiatric medications. For example, some kinase inhibitors used in targeted cancer therapy spring from a pyrimidine foundation, and piperazine arms those molecules for better metabolic stability and improved activity inside cells.
Research teams are always under pressure to stay ahead of bacteria and viruses. 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine helps researchers outmaneuver resistance by entering new chemical territory. Compounds built on this framework have shown promise against influenza viruses, hepatitis C, and even some coronaviruses. Some also take a shot at bacteria that have shrugged off older antibiotics. The right tweaks can turn this base structure into molecules that disrupt vital bacterial enzymes or viral replication machinery.
Complex psychiatric diseases demand new ways of thinking about brain chemistry. Medicinal chemists find the 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine motif useful when searching for new antipsychotics or antidepressants. Some drugs for treating schizophrenia or anxiety already draw on this building block, improving how the molecules slot into brain receptors. By mixing the piperazine’s flexibility with pyrimidine’s stability, chemists can fine-tune drugs to reduce side effects and improve how long the medicine works.
Outside pharma, chemical biology relies on this compound to probe cell biology. Scientists use modified versions to tag proteins or track enzyme activity. Attaching fluorescent labels or radioactive tags to this scaffold makes it easier to trace how new drug candidates behave inside living systems. This sort of chemical “handle” helps everyone from basic researchers to big pharma teams map out molecular pathways in cells.
Widespread use brings its own challenges. Regulatory bodies watch new drug components closely, and new chemistry has to pass safety hurdles. Toxicity concerns occasionally surface, urging chemists to tweak side chains or replace similar motifs to sidestep off-target effects. Staying mindful of the bigger picture—patient safety, fair access, and environmental impacts of chemical manufacturing—pushes the field forward.
Solutions often come from teamwork: academic labs share insights with pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory agencies offer pathways for testing new analogs. Open data and real-world testing shape safer, more effective molecules for the future—sometimes starting with just a simple structure like 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine.
2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine has shown up on my desk more than once, usually in connection with some new pharmaceutical research or a fresh approach to chemical synthesis. The name might sound heavy, but the science behind this molecule comes down to two parts fused in an elegant way: a pyrimidine ring and a piperazine ring. Pyrimidine serves as a building block in everything from genetic material to medications, and piperazine brings flexibility and the capacity to interact with biological targets. Connecting these two gives scientists a tool with surprising range.
The basic architecture centers on a six-membered pyrimidine ring. This ring includes two nitrogen atoms placed at the 1 and 3 positions, responsible for its aromatic character and ability to participate in hydrogen bonding. Attached to this structure at the 2-position, you meet the piperazine — a six-membered ring hosting two nitrogen atoms at opposite ends. This arrangement means the molecule isn’t just a static scaffold; it’s responsive and can link up with a wide range of other chemical entities. The chemical formula reads C8H12N4, and a chemist reading a line drawing would trace lines from a pyrimidine at position 2 directly to an N-H site on the piperazine.
I’ve seen labs choose 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine for its role in developing new therapeutics. Cancer researchers and drug designers look for molecules that can fit snugly into biological receptors, interfering with disease pathways or enhancing the body’s own defenses. This compound offers just that. The nitrogen-rich structure boosts solubility and sharpens its biological reactivity — qualities that help push a lead compound into later stages of drug development.
There are bigger implications. In the early 2000s, scientists sourced molecules like this to open up discovery in kinase inhibitors — medicines that try to stop cancers at their root by blocking runaway cell signals. Its flexible link between two rings allowed designers to create variants that could target multiple conditions, from cancer to psychiatric disorders. The molecule’s adaptability made it a canvas for all sorts of innovation, even beyond pharmaceuticals. Agricultural chemists have used similar chemical structures to create safer pesticides, aimed at breaking down quickly without piling up in the ecosystem.
Like many compounds with promise, 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine carries risks if mishandled. Some derivatives can show toxicity, either in the short term or after months of exposure. Researchers take a hard look at how the body breaks down and eliminates every variant. Whenever I’ve worked with early-stage chemical candidates, I’ve learned to ask tough questions about long-term exposure, environmental risk, and breakdown products.
Solutions start in the lab. Better screening technologies give quicker reads on toxicity. Teams run trials in complex systems — not just in a test tube, but with living cells. Regulators expect nothing less given the legacy of compounds that performed well at first, then stalled out due to unforeseen side effects. Scientists keep an eye on environmental impact, choosing modifications that degrade into harmless materials instead of lingering in water or soil.
Success in modern chemistry rarely rests on one molecule alone. Instead, compounds like 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine offer a platform for further design. Each tweak in the structure opens new doors for treatment and technology. For scientists and medical professionals, understanding chemicals at this level isn’t about memorizing names or formulas — it’s about drawing connections between structure, behavior, and real outcomes for health and safety.
2-(Piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine, a chemical building block, finds its way into pharmaceutical research labs, biotech startups, and even larger-scale chemical plants. Whether researchers want to test a new synthesis or manufacturers plan to scale up for drug development, the question of purity isn’t just academic; it can change the outcome in real terms.
Chemistry reminds me a bit of cooking. Small changes in ingredient quality can throw off the whole recipe. During my graduate work in medicinal chemistry, I learned the hard way that impurities hide in vendor samples. Sometimes a reaction fails. Sometimes your final product contains something you didn't expect. Trace contaminants don’t just impact cost—they can waste weeks of time and leave you wondering what went wrong.
You’ll find that most suppliers sell 2-(Piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine in more than one grade. At least two categories show up: research-grade, sometimes labeled as “technical" or “laboratory,” and a higher-purity grade called “analytical" or “pharmaceutical.”
Laboratory-grade varies widely—sometimes 95%, other times 98%. For routine reactions or solvent screening, this often works fine. As the chemistry gets more demanding, as in preclinical R&D, even minor contaminants may interfere with results, skewing biological data.
Pharmaceutical-grade comes with stricter documentation—think purities above 98% up to 99+%. In regulated environments, like when producing an active pharmaceutical ingredient for human trials, purity can mean the difference between passing and failing regulatory checks. Analytical HPLC or NMR profiles matter here; they provide evidence you can trust. During one collaboration with an industry partner, a minor unknown impurity delayed progress by months and triggered additional safety reviews. Such hold-ups cost real money and test nerves.
Startups without massive budgets may feel tempted to reach for cheaper, lower-purity chemicals. The catch: dirty starting materials can introduce variability into experiments. In drug discovery settings, variability leads to inconsistent bioassay results, sending promising projects off course. Purity lets you narrow down what’s causing a good or bad result—it’s about confidence, not just compliance. A friend in a biotech firm once showed me two batches of the same compound. Only the high-purity sample worked cleanly in their cell assays. The cheaper one created false positives due to trace metal contamination.
Vendors usually provide a certificate of analysis for each lot. Dig into those details. Don’t rely just on the label or minimum percentage—the detection method and impurity profile can matter even more than the number. Some suppliers offer customization: if a project demands ultra-low levels of moisture, metals, or residual solvents, it’s worth asking for batch-specific documentation.
Researchers aiming for reproducible outcomes should budget for higher-purity materials when approaching regulated or critical experiments. Teams pressed for funding can sometimes purify in-house, running extra chromatography or recrystallization—but these processes bring their own costs and potential losses. Early planning on specification can avoid downstream headaches.
Clear communication between researchers and suppliers helps. Labs should document what grade they used during discovery, then flag shifts if scaling up. Putting purity at the forefront saves time, respects funding, and protects against risky shortcuts.
Storing chemicals like 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine isn’t just a bout following a checklist. Even if the name doesn’t exactly roll off the tongue, folks who work in labs or run small research outfits know the headaches that come from ignoring the basics. This compound, often used in pharmaceutical development, can be a game changer for the right project, but only if kept in good condition.
Back in grad school, I remember a colleague who left an open bottle out overnight. The next morning, the substance looked off and set back an experiment days, if not weeks. That mistake cost real money. Small things like temperature swings, exposure to humidity, or forgetting to seal a container completely can degrade certain chemicals much faster than most expect. And nobody wants to explain why a research milestone’s delayed because a few basic rules got skipped.
Keep it cool, dry, and dark. Most sources recommend finding a spot out of direct light and away from sudden temperature changes. A standard lab fridge — typically set between 2°C and 8°C — works for many organics, and 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine isn’t an exception. Allowing it to sit somewhere warmer or at room temperature for days can slowly nudge the compound toward breakdown.
Use airtight containers, preferably glass or high-quality plastic with a tight seal. Some labs stick with amber bottles, since UV light can mess with molecular integrity over time, and colorless glass doesn’t block as much. I’ve seen plastic bags used for short-term transport, but those create more risk of leaks or contamination. It’s not worth the savings if even one mishap threatens the entire batch.
If the original container comes with a desiccant pack, don’t toss it. Moisture in the air can cause hydrolysis in sensitive amines and pyrimidines. Adding a fresh silica gel pack to storage vessels isn’t overkill—dry air keeps compounds stable longer.
Never label things with shorthand or just a marker scrawl. Proper chemical names, lot numbers, and storage dates prevent confusion later, especially with busy teams or shared shelving. Rotate stock, using older supplies first, and avoid opening and closing containers more times than needed. Repeated air exposure weakens most organics much faster than a safety data sheet might suggest.
Good record-keeping helps too. If a batch starts to change color or texture, nobody wants to puzzle out whether it’s just old or got contaminated along the way. Digital logs or even a simple lab notebook, kept close to storage, let you catch problems before they wipe out weeks of work.
Big operations stick to automated temperature monitoring and alarm systems. Smaller teams can learn from that without breaking the bank. Even a cheap thermometer and a logbook hanging on the fridge door can help spot trouble early.
Safe storage is about more than protecting an investment. It’s about respect for the work, the science, and anyone who handles the product down the line. Attention to detail saves time, money, and sometimes, whole projects.
People who’ve spent time in a lab know the drill: each unfamiliar chemical brings its own risks. 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine is a name most won’t hear outside of pharmaceutical or research contexts, but for those who do, respecting its nature keeps everyone healthy and productive. In my experience, overlooking the small stuff with chemicals often leads to headaches, both literal and legal.
One of the hazards with 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine stems from skin and eye irritation. Many piperazine derivatives irritate eyes and skin on contact, and this compound doesn’t break the pattern. Protective gear stands as your first defense—gloves that can handle organic compounds, goggles that hug the face, and a lab coat that doesn’t hang loose. Sometimes, failure to cover exposed skin leaves a rash or persistent itching. Even low-toxicity chemicals carry a punch if they soak through a glove or land in the eye.
Working with any powder or volatile substance, inhalation risk rises if air isn’t moving or filtration lags behind. I’ve watched coworkers cough through a lax day in the fume hood and regret skipping the dust mask. For 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine, transferring small amounts under a fume hood eliminates most worry about breathing harmful dust. Respirators with appropriate cartridges sit nearby for large quantities or unexpected spills. Air monitoring devices help point out invisible risks before they build up. Leaving personal health to chance slows down projects and puts others in harm's way.
Spills happen, even for neat freaks. The trick comes in reacting right away. Absorbent pads or spill kits built for organic compounds belong close to the action. Telling coworkers about an accident beats cleaning up in silence—shared spaces demand clear communication to keep everyone safe. I’ve seen small dribbles lead to bigger issues just because someone hesitated before saying, “I spilled something.” Reporting and logging incidents isn’t just paperwork. Good records reveal patterns, and patterns spur improvements in storage and workflow.
Storing chemicals like 2-(Piperazin-1-Yl)Pyrimidine means thinking beyond today’s needs. Dry, cool shelves with assigned slots keep bottles from tipping or mixing. Tight, labeled containers with hazard symbols make identification split-second, even for new hires. Segregating by chemical compatibility matters too; one mismatched pairing on a high shelf could lead to a reaction nobody wants to see. From my time moving boxes in stockrooms, correct placement matters far more than perfect handwriting on a label.
Few things stay up-to-date in science without reliable sources. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) back every action. They hold the facts—handling, toxicity, reactivity, emergency info. Teams that keep new members trained on the latest sheets avoid confusion and injury. Digital checklists and short safety huddles at the start of a shift set the tone better than dusty binders buried on a top shelf.
Staff who get hands-on safety demos make fewer mistakes. Experienced workers share memorable mishaps and tips that stick much better than reading slides all day. Regular drills for spills or exposures turn nervous energy into muscle memory. Keeping the safety culture strong means inviting questions, running peer reviews, and celebrating months without incidents.
From stopping exposures to encouraging honest reporting, good habits stem from team buy-in. Investing time in proper handling fits the core values of anyone who’s spent long hours in a lab or workshop. Respect for chemicals and respect for each other go hand-in-hand, driving those small choices that keep everyone heading home safe at the end of the day.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 2-(Piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine |
| Other names |
1-(2-Pyrimidinyl)piperazine 2-Pyrimidinylpiperazine 1-Piperazinyl-2-pyrimidine 2-(1-Piperazinyl)pyrimidine |
| Pronunciation | /tuː paɪˈpɛrəziːn wʌn ɪl paɪˈrɪmɪdiːn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 20980-22-7 |
| Beilstein Reference | 74086 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:72834 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL13335 |
| ChemSpider | 17579 |
| DrugBank | DB08317 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 13-1-617071-11-7 |
| EC Number | 62063-44-7 |
| Gmelin Reference | 122190 |
| KEGG | C09860 |
| MeSH | D053196 |
| PubChem CID | 151458 |
| RTECS number | UM6475000 |
| UNII | 7U1EE2NJ3V |
| UN number | UN2811 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | urn:cctp:6d6c5dfa-42b9-4f22-93d2-7c60dd1fb26d |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C8H13N5 |
| Molar mass | 180.23 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.18 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | soluble |
| log P | 0.06 |
| Vapor pressure | 1.97E-03 mmHg at 25°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | pKa = 6.8 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6.86 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -56.2×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.587 |
| Dipole moment | 3.94 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 310.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | N06AX05 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed. Causes serious eye irritation. Causes skin irritation. May cause respiratory irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | Precautionary statements for 2-(Piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine: "P261, P305+P351+P338 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-1-0 |
| Flash point | > 123.5 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (Oral, Rat): >2000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose) of 2-(Piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine: "LD50 (oral, rat) >2000 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | SKY76 |
| REL (Recommended) | 100 mg |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Piperazine Pyrimidine 1-Methylpiperazine 2-Aminopyrimidine N-Phenylpiperazine |
