The roots of 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride trace back to the early years of research into amide-type local anesthetics. Researchers in the mid-twentieth century searched for alternatives to ester-based anesthetics, which often triggered allergic reactions. Several pharmaceutical companies, responding to clinical demands for safer surgical and dental options, developed extensive libraries of analogues. 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride entered the conversation as researchers honed in on molecules with reliable nerve-blocking action and lower rates of toxicity. This compound built on lessons from previous anesthetics—taking clues from lidocaine’s success but tailoring new features for better performance in medical environments.
This compound stands as a crystalline powder delivered as a hydrochloride salt for chemical stability. Healthcare professionals and researchers alike prefer its consistent purity. Used in both research and clinical settings, its popularity arises from predictable absorption and distribution in the body, helping practitioners choose the right local anesthetic for surgical or dental procedures. The hydrochoride salt form enhances solubility in aqueous solutions, making for smoother injections and faster onset of numbness, important during high-stakes operations.
2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride typically appears as a white or off-white powder, with a melting point in the range of 130 to 136°C. Its structure features a pipecolic acid derivative bonded with a xylidine moiety, and the hydrochloride group increases water solubility. Its formula, C15H24N2O·HCl, hints at its moderate molecular weight and amide functional group, enabling targeted sodium channel blockade. Usually, it dissolves readily in water and alcohol, offering flexibility for compounding pharmacy preparations and laboratory work. Odorless and stable under normothermic conditions, it stores well in standard medical environments—important for clinicians not looking to hassle with specialty refrigeration or humidity controls.
Producers label this anesthetic’s hydrochloride salt content as a guarantee of potency and purity—standard specifications run above 99% by HPLC analysis. Product datasheets emphasize identity verification using thin layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Water content, heavy metals, and residual solvents receive strict limits to reduce the risk of unintended toxic side effects. Packaging standards often call for amber glass bottles or high-density polyethylene containers, protecting the powder from light and moisture. Labels must display clear batch numbers and expiration dates, supporting traceability that is non-negotiable for pharmaceutical use. Safety information sits front and center because even high-purity anesthetics can pose significant risks if mishandled.
Manufacturers synthesize 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride by first reacting 2,6-dimethylaniline with activated carboxylic acid derivatives to form the amide bond, drawing on the pipecolic acid scaffold. Many chemical plants use acid chlorides as activation agents to simplify salt formation in the final step. Purification typically runs through multiple extraction and recrystallization cycles, filtered for high-grade pharmaceutical standards. For the hydrochloride salt, companies introduce hydrogen chloride gas or add hydrochloric acid solution in ethanol before the drying process, yielding a stable, easily handled product.
The pipecolinoxylidide core presents chemists with opportunities for substitutions on the aromatic ring or the pipecolic acid residue. Methylation or halogenation of the aromatic groups can tweak the speed at which the anesthetic takes effect or lengthen its duration in tissue, offering tailored options for specific patient or surgical demands. The amide group with its electron-withdrawing resonance supports modifications without sacrificing activity. Researchers have explored modifications such as introducing bulkier substituents or fluorine atoms, chasing better selectivity for nerve fibers or improved resistance to enzymatic breakdown—efforts aimed at lowering the risk of side effects and increasing the margin of safety.
This compound often appears under various nomenclatures. Some laboratory catalogues recognize it as Pipecoloxylidide Hydrochloride, while clinical documents sometimes use “2,6-Xylidylpipecolamide HCl” or “Xylidylpipecoline Hydrochloride.” Its chemical descriptions may reference its pipecolic acid or xylidine roots. These alternate names can cause some confusion, especially for those new to anesthetic chemistry, so clarity in labeling and communication remains essential in both research and practice.
Despite providing critical clinical utility, 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride demands respect in handling due to its powerful action on sodium channels. Exposure risks extend beyond acute toxicity; skin or inhalation contact in laboratory settings can trigger nerve effects. Safety protocols begin with PPE—good gloves, eye protection, and clean-room attire. Staff must train on spill management and first aid for accidental exposures. In clinical use, precise dosing helps avert systemic effects like central nervous system excitement or cardiac suppression. Emergency resuscitation equipment and knowledge of antagonists should stand close at hand, and these measures underscore the need for regular re-training and transparent reporting in facilities where this anesthetic is in use.
Surgeons and dentists value this compound’s predictable onset and duration, which supports a wide range of nerve block procedures. Its use extends into research as an investigative tool in neuropharmacology and pain pathway modeling, helping scientists map out sodium channel function and test hypotheses about new analgesic targets. Some medical teams lean toward it for outpatient procedures or minor surgeries, relying on its consistent local anesthetic action. Its stability and solubility profile also recommend it for compounded formulations in specialty pharmacies or veterinary clinics. Researchers testing new delivery platforms—microneedles, gels, or slow-release implants—find it useful for controlled studies and pilot projects.
Current research priorities focus on optimizing the safety margins for this category of amide anesthetics. Pharmacologists and formulation scientists keep pushing to balance rapid onset with longer action, aiming for fewer injections without upping toxicity risks. Animal studies regularly explore how structural tweaks affect metabolism and excretion, with some labs reporting promising data on prodrugs and nanoformulations. Technology partners also work to minimize batch variability in manufacturing, recognizing that unstable or impure product can cause real harm in clinical settings. Regulatory agencies have stepped up post-market surveillance, tracking rare adverse events and nudging the industry toward tighter quality controls and more transparent adverse event reporting.
Toxicologists have mapped the risk profile of 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride in rodent models and human case studies, documenting dose-related effects on the heart and central nervous system. Low doses block sensory signals—the reason patients don’t feel a thing at the dentist’s office—while higher doses carry the risk of seizures and arrhythmias. Researchers keep a sharp eye on its metabolites, some of which can stick around in vulnerable tissues. Ongoing work focuses on improving early-detection protocols for toxicity, including the use of blood markers or wearable monitors during conscious sedation. Teams studying rare allergies and cross-reactions contribute critical data, especially amid rising rates of polypharmacy and complex comorbidities in aging populations.
What comes next for 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride likely crosses paths with developments in precision medicine and targeted drug delivery technology. As surgical trends move toward less invasive procedures and personalized care, demand grows for anesthetics with clean, well-understood profiles. Advances in bioinformatics and predictive toxicology could transform how we screen new analogues for safety long before they hit the pharmacy shelf. With automation of synthesis and AI-guided drug design, future variants may emerge with even less risk of systemic effects, tailored to narrow use-cases or specific patient groups. At the same time, regulatory expectations for transparency and post-market tracking are only getting tougher. For the next generation of clinical researchers and practitioners, keeping up with both lab bench science and patient safety protocols will remain non-negotiable.
2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride doesn’t roll off the tongue. The actual use is much more familiar once you get past the long name. This chemical forms the backbone of a popular local anesthetic called ropivacaine. In most surgeries and medical procedures, doctors reach for substances that can numb pain right where it’s needed. Ropivacaine, formed from 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride, helps doctors block nerve signals. Without that numbing, even small steps like stitching a wound or managing labor pain would leave patients in a world of discomfort.
Surgeries used to rely on general anesthesia far more. Not everyone wants to be knocked out completely. Some can’t risk it due to lung, heart, or other health issues. Nerve blockers like ropivacaine step in. My own grandfather, at nearly eighty, needed minor surgery on his hand. General anesthesia might have made recovery longer or caused confusion afterward. A targeted local anesthetic, produced from 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride, let him wake up clear-headed and go home the same day.
Opiate drugs have long filled pain prescriptions across hospitals and clinics. The risks run high: addiction, overdose, a mountain of medical bills. Local anesthetics, introduced during and after a procedure, reduce the need for opioids in many cases. Patients with knee repairs, hernia fixes, or labor pain, all benefit from this safer path. Evidence from the American Society of Anesthesiologists shows that, when nerve blocks are used, people spend less time on addictive painkillers and bounce back quicker.
Not every local anesthetic plays by the same safety rules. Some cause heart issues or nerve problems if doctors use the wrong dose. Ropivacaine, made possible by 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride, doesn’t hit the heart as hard as older options like bupivacaine. Large studies done in Europe and the U.S. show that patients tolerate ropivacaine well. That's breathing room for people who fear rare but serious side effects.
Behind every sterile bottle in a hospital, there’s a story of strict quality checks. The companies that manufacture 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride have to meet the world’s most demanding chemical and safety standards. Any slip-up means the risk of contamination or reactions that doctors can’t predict. Regulators like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and watchdogs in Europe, keep a close eye on supply lines. The global pandemic made it clear how vital it is to maintain steady production. When supply chains falter, hospitals scramble.
Access remains an issue in smaller clinics and rural hospitals. Cutting-edge anesthetics cost more at times, and training is required to use nerve blocks properly. Telehealth, online classes, and hospital partnerships offer ways to spread better pain management to every corner, not just big cities. Doctors, nurses, and pharmacists play the biggest role, passing along their know-how and working with patients who want to avoid powerful opioids.
2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride may seem obscure, but its ripple effect spreads throughout operating rooms and recovery wards. Each vial means a patient might hurt less, move sooner, or skip the haze of stronger drugs. Keeping this compound readily available helps build a safer, kinder medical system for everyone.
Anyone handling chemicals for research, pharmaceutical production, or lab testing runs into all sorts of questions about storage. With a compound like 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride—a material known for its delicate nature and frequent use in sensitive environments—storage is not just an afterthought. Over the years, I’ve noticed that cutting corners on storage usually leads to degraded material, safety hazards, and skewed data. For those of us who care about valid results, following the right steps matters.
This compound hates heat. Leaving it out in a warm room even for a short time speeds up all sorts of unwanted reactions. Cold storage extends shelf life and protects chemical structure. Standard practice puts compounds like this in the 2°C to 8°C range, which is easy to accomplish with a good laboratory refrigerator. The typical home fridge won’t do; temperature swings kill chemical stability. Labs with high-quality refrigeration avoid this risk, and I’ve seen plenty of evidence that’s a wise investment.
Water vapor in the air creeps into any open bottle or poorly sealed lid. Over time, exposure to humidity turns a powdery salt into a sticky lump, then into an unusable mess. Glass containers with tight screw caps help, but the gold standard is a well-sealed amber bottle in a desiccator. Silica gel packs or dedicated desiccant chambers work wonders. From my own experience, relying on regular plastic caps—especially cheap ones—almost always leads to moisture problems down the line.
Many chemicals suffer under laboratory lighting, but some get hit harder. 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride falls into the light-sensitive camp. Ultraviolet and even strong fluorescent lights promote unwanted breakdown or chemical shifts. Storing the container in a dark cupboard or an amber-colored bottle can protect the integrity of the chemical. Some of my colleagues working in sunlit labs skip this step and get erratic results as a consequence. Consistency in storage means confidence in the data you generate and the drugs you produce.
I’ve lost track of how many times someone has grabbed the wrong bottle due to poor labeling. Chemical names, batch numbers, expiry dates, and hazard warnings belong on every container. Clear labeling not only keeps mistakes at bay, but also supports lab safety. Access control—locking chemicals in cabinets or dedicated storage rooms—prevents both unauthorized use and accidental exposure. Regulations in many regions call for this, but it’s just common sense, especially with expensive or hazardous materials.
Storage conditions only matter if you check on your chemicals every few weeks. I like to look for signs of moisture, color change, or unwanted clumping—these show something’s gone wrong. It reminds me of the time a humidity spike nearly ruined a month’s supply of compounds. By catching it during a routine check, I prevented a costly loss. Digital inventory systems now make it easy to track chemical status and expiry.
Every chemical has its quirks, but proper storage always pays off. For 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride, that means cool, dry, dark, and secure. People who treat these steps as essential—not optional—avoid surprises, save money, and keep everyone in the lab safer. It all comes down to respecting the material and never letting convenience get in the way of quality.
2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride doesn't sound familiar to most people. It’s better recognized in some circles by its other name, which is closely related to mepivacaine hydrochloride—a local anesthetic found in dental and minor surgical work. Chemically, it blocks signals along nerves for short periods, letting doctors stitch wounds or pull teeth without patients feeling pain.
Mepivacaine, and by extension 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride, has been on the market since the 1960s. I’ve seen many patients get numbed for dental fillings or minor skin surgery without any fuss. Researchers have studied it for decades, with most people experiencing temporary numbness and, sometimes, mild irritation near the injection site. Severe allergic reactions show up rarely. At standard doses, adults and older children almost always handle it just fine.
Problems start if too much builds up in the bloodstream. People can get dizzy, confused, or, in very rare cases, have heart issues or seizures. These side effects sound scary, but in normal care settings, doses stay well below dangerous levels. Doctors track heart rates and ask questions before giving the shot. Patients with known heart, liver, or kidney problems do need extra care or a different numbing agent.
No drug works as intended if misused. I've watched nurses check labels twice before drawing up local anesthetics. Training makes a difference. Sometimes, drugs get confused due to similar packaging or names. Mislabeled compounds or off-brand products from unreliable sources become a problem. People shouldn't buy anesthetic powders online, hoping to save time or money. The risk of unknown additives, impurities, or improper dosing jumps way up.
Facilities using compounds like 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride need transparent supply chains. For every batch, quality control testing ensures purity. Legitimate manufacturers follow industry guidelines, such as Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations. Consistency helps prevent accidental injury. Without clear guidelines and strong oversight, even a reliable compound can cause harm.
Regulatory agencies like the FDA and EMA list mepivacaine hydrochloride as an approved drug for well-defined uses. This makes mepivacaine a go-to anesthetic in hospitals and dental offices worldwide. Each country reviews toxicity data, clinical trials, and reports of bad reactions before approval. Updating standards keeps oversight in tune with real-world experience. Medical teams stay up to date with the latest guidance and product recalls when safety problems appear.
If someone experiences unexpected symptoms after a procedure, care teams report the case and regulators investigate. Transparent reporting helps keep everyone safer down the line. People have reason to trust approved medications, but only when institutions stay vigilant and responsive to new information.
2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride deserves respect. Used in the right hands, it makes hard procedures manageable. Most people will never see it on a label, just the smooth numbness at the dentist or clinic. By sticking with tested sources, trained professionals, and ongoing safety checks, the risk stays acceptably low. Patient comfort and quick recovery remain the main goals, without overcomplicating a straightforward process. If a patient hears an unfamiliar chemical name, it’s never wrong to ask—good caregivers always take questions seriously.
Few things unsettle more than confusion about medication dosages, especially with drugs like 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride. This compound, better recognized in clinical circles as a type of local anesthetic, echoes the complexity seen in healthcare daily: one dose does not suit every patient. Growing up around nurses and seeing their nightly prep for the next day's shift, I learned just how critical accuracy is. These days, facts and lived experience support a simple premise: precise dosages save lives, mistakes change them forever.
Approved medical use of 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride—often called by its more common names in the hospital—follows strict guidelines. In the U.S. and Europe, physicians rely on recommendations published in the FDA label and textbooks like Goodman & Gilman’s. Adult dosage for infiltration anesthesia usually ranges between 1-5 mg/kg, topped off at about 200-300 mg in a single administration, depending on formulation. Children require even greater care, with limits set tightly based on body weight and clinical necessity. The heart of the matter is always patient safety: each scenario receives attention for age, liver function, cardiac history, and planned procedure.
Misjudging these amounts risks toxicity. Doctors and anesthesiologists keep an eagle eye on symptoms like seizures or changes in the heartbeat, knowing how quickly things spiral. Local anesthetics sound routine, especially during dental visits or stitches, but even minor lapses trigger emergencies.
Stepping away from lab data, reality hits hardest in small town clinics and crowded ER rooms. Years ago, a neighbor suffered after a minor surgery. His provider, rushing between three different cases, overlooked the calculation. The result: confusion, muscle twitching, a quick escalation to the local hospital. Thankfully, he recovered—but it drove home a lesson shared quietly among families and care teams. Even common drugs walk a thin line.
Medical errors involving anesthetics show up every year in adverse event reports. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices and the World Health Organization keep bringing up the same issues: poorly labeled vials, decimal points missed, no double-checks. These sound like easy problems, yet solving them requires full attention, time, and teamwork—none of which patients ever see, but all feel in the outcome.
Improvement doesn’t sit in high-tech devices alone. Smart pumps, barcode readers, and checklists offer real support, but nothing replaces professional vigilance. Standardizing equipment and labeling practices makes a difference—dose displays that show mg/kg calculations, standardized concentrations, and mandatory sign-offs in operating rooms work. Education for medical staff, especially for new nurses and physicians, holds everything together. It goes beyond the textbook: hands-on simulations and direct mentorship shape judgment that cannot be outsourced to artificial intelligence.
For patients, clear communication with your provider matters. Requesting explanations about what’s being given, and why, creates space for safety. If you notice hesitation or are asked about allergies and liver or cardiac disease, that’s a strong sign your team works by the book. Speaking up only strengthens those safety nets—and in the world of local anesthetics like 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride, that collective effort means everything.
Doctors use 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride, often called ropivacaine hydrochloride, as a local anesthetic, blocking pain during surgeries, childbirth, and various medical procedures. It shows up in emergency rooms and operating theaters almost every day. People seeking pain relief or undergoing minor operations trust it for its quick action and long duration.
Patients report some predictable issues. Numbness in places where it’s injected sticks around longer than most expect, sometimes leading to accidental injuries because there’s no warning pain signal. I’ve seen people bite their lip after dental work and not realize until the numbness fades. Muscle weakness nearby can leave legs feeling wobbly for hours in epidural blocks.
Some folks feel dizzy or lightheaded, and nausea gets more common as dosages get higher. Itching crops up for a subset, especially with epidural use. Heartbeats might speed up or slow down. Some even notice blurring vision or ringing in their ears. Most of these symptoms fade within a few hours, as the drug leaves the system.
Every so often, the body reacts in ways nobody predicts. An accidental injection into a blood vessel turns risky, possibly causing seizures, confusion, or even cardiac arrest. The drug slows down heart rhythms and blood pressure. At toxic levels, the risk of respiratory depression grows. Doctors counter this by carefully watching dosages and injection sites. Reports in peer-reviewed journals outline rare cases where people with underlying cardiovascular issues end up worse off due to these reactions.
Allergies to ropivacaine itself rarely show up, but preservatives in the injection can trigger dangerous reactions. Severe allergy—anaphylaxis—happens in fewer than one in a hundred thousand cases, but the risk still sits in the minds of medical professionals. Anyone with a history of allergies to local anesthetics or their preservatives should make that known before procedures.
Elderly patients, pregnant women, and children sometimes react differently. Dosing must be tailored to individuals, especially when kidney or liver function slows drug metabolism. In those with liver trouble, the drug builds up faster. I’ve watched some older patients get more confused and have trouble standing, not realizing the lingering effects mean they’ll need extra supervision post-surgery.
Patients taking beta-blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs, or other anesthetics face a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Combining central nervous system depressants—like opioids, benzodiazepines, or alcohol—with ropivacaine sometimes increases drowsiness and slows breathing, highlighting the need for clear communication about substances used outside the hospital.
Doctors regularly revisit training and protocols to reduce risks. Talking openly with patients about possible complications builds trust. Double-checking allergies, medical histories, and ongoing prescriptions avoids the trap of cross-reactions. Investing in continuous monitoring during and after administration catches early warning signs before things escalate. Families with loved ones going through surgery can advocate for careful post-op observation, especially if patients seem more vulnerable.
Pharmaceutical manufacturers continue studying the drug to find new ways to reduce side effects, and health regulators push for safety updates in anesthesia guidelines. Everyone involved plays a role, from the manufacturer’s chemists to the nurse monitoring recovery, and that everyday vigilance protects patients relying on 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride for pain-free healing.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-1-piperidinecarboxamide hydrochloride |
| Other names |
Pipecoloxylidide hydrochloride 2,6-Xylidino-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid amide hydrochloride 2,6-Xylidine-2-piperidinecarboxamide hydrochloride 2,6-Xylidine-2-piperidinecarboxamide monohydrochloride |
| Pronunciation | /ˌpaɪˌpɛkəˌlɪn.ɒkˈsɪlɪdaɪd ˌhaɪdrəˈklɔːraɪd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 136793-55-8 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | `3D_model_JSmol: 2,6-Pipecolinoxylidide Hydrochloride = "CNC(=O)c1c(C)cccc1N2CCCCC2.Cl"` |
| Beilstein Reference | 3106506 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:31812 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2107611 |
| ChemSpider | 21476829 |
| DrugBank | DB08829 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03f3a322-d99c-4f3d-8a36-e5ce58f2e785 |
| EC Number | 64461-64-5 |
| Gmelin Reference | 81804 |
| KEGG | C18768 |
| MeSH | D010958 |
| PubChem CID | 137332273 |
| RTECS number | SP2976000 |
| UNII | W6P8V12KBA |
| UN number | UN3276 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C15H24N2O·HCl |
| Molar mass | 269.80 g/mol |
| Appearance | White or almost white crystalline powder. |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.14 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Soluble in water |
| log P | 0.5 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 7.85 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 8.28 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -85.5e-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.567 |
| Dipole moment | 7.33 D |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | N01BB03 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed, causes skin and serious eye irritation |
| GHS labelling | GHS05, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P333+P313, P362+P364, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-2-0 Health:1 Flammability:2 Instability:0 |
| Flash point | 131.8 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD₅₀ (mouse, intravenous): 12 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Mouse intravenous LD50 = 23 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | MV6060000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 100 mg |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not established |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Lidocaine 2,6-Xylidine Pipecolic acid MEGX (Monoethylglycinexylidide) |
